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  • Accounting and Bookkeeping
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Fundamentals

  • Accounting 101
    • Accounting 101
    • Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
    • Cash vs. Accrual
    • Reconciling Accounts
    • Petty Cash
    • Accounts Receivable
    • Fixed Assets
    • Depreciation
    • Inventory
    • Accounts Payable
    • Line of Credit
    • Payroll
    • Should I use accounting software?
    • Sample Amortization Schedule
  • Starting a Nonprofit
    • Internal Structure
      • Founder's Role
      • Forming a Board
        • Composition of the First Board
        • Size of the Board
        • Term Limits
        • Bylaws
      • Define Purpose and Mission
      • Strategic and Financial Planning
      • Setting Up Office
    • External Process
      • Incorporation
      • Tax Exemption
      • State, County and Municipality Requirements
  • Internal Controls
    • Internal Controls for Small Organizations
      • Writing Checks
      • Other Cash
        • Bank Reconciliations
        • Petty Cash
      • Payroll
        • Time Sheets
      • Recording Other Transactions
        • Journal Entries
      • Credit Card Transactions
      • Lockboxes
      • Sending Invoices
    • Internal Controls for Medium-Sized Organizations
      • General Information
      • Cash
      • Investments
      • Fixed Assets
      • Receivables
      • Payables
      • Revenues/Deferred Revenue
      • Expenses
        • Payroll Expenses
        • Facilities Expenses
        • Travel Expenses
        • Meeting Expenses
        • Allocating Expenses
      • Financial Reporting
      • Other Issues
  • Internal Reporting & Financial Management
    • Financial Management: Introduction
      • Systems & Procedures
      • Policies
      • Stewardship & Accountability
      • The Finance Committee and Committee Chair Responsibilities
        • Role of the Chair
        • Budgeting and Financial Planning
        • Reporting & Monitoring
        • Internal Controls and Accountability, Transparency, and Risk Management
        • Covering Audits and Investments
        • Monitoring Other Risk Management Areas
    • Tools & Tips
    • Budgeting and Financial Planning
      • The Budgeting Process: Introduction
      • Budgeting Terms & Concepts
        • Associate Fixed Costs with Reliable Revenue
        • Direct vs. Indirect Costs or Overhead
        • Non-cash Budget Items
        • Approved Budget vs. Year-end Forecast
        • Accrual vs. Cash
      • Budgeting Approaches -Preparation
        • Budgeting Approaches - Revenue
        • Budgeting Approaches - Expenses and Profitability
          • Activity-based Budgeting-An Internal Organization Approach
            • Cash Flow
            • Infrastructure, Core Functions, and Full Costs
          • Infrastructure, Core Functions, and Full Costs-Internal Reporting
          • Cash Flow-Internal Reporting
          • Capital Investments
        • Budgeting Approaches - Narrative & Presentation
      • Budgeting for Capital and Financial Goals
        • Building and maintaining a Board-designated Operating Reserve
        • Deficit Reduction
        • Good Debt, Bad Debt
        • Furniture, Equipment, and Technology
        • Facilities: Maintenance, Repair, & Replacement
        • Facilities: Building Acquisition and Construction Projects
        • Special funds
        • Endowments
    • Internal Reports Introduction
      • The Statement of Financial Position
        • Assets
        • Liabilities
        • Net Assets
        • The Disaggregated Statement of Financial Position: Recommended Internal Report Format
      • The Statement of Functional Expenses
      • The Statement of Activities
        • Reporting on Expenses For Small and Midsize Nonprofits
      • Cash Flow Projections
      • Dashboards or Snapshots
      • Creating a Management Reports Inventory
      • Formatting Tips for Internal Reports
  • Nonprofit Operating Reserves Initiative (NORI)
    • About the Nonprofit Operating Reserves Initiative (NORI)
    • NORI Document Library

Other Resources

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Nonprofit Accounting Basics

NORI Document Library

Principal Documents

  • Policy Development Toolkit
    Operating Reserve Policy Toolkit for Nonprofit Organizations, April 2023
  • Brief Intro to Operating Reserves
    The Nonprofit Operating Reserves Initiative, May 2023
  • Basic NORI Slide Deck
    Nonprofit Operating Reserves ~ Creating a Policy

Relevant Historical Documents

  • White Paper
    • Maintaining Nonprofit Operating Reserves: An Organizational Imperative for Nonprofit Financial Stability

​Policy Development Tools:

  • Outline for Policy Development, annotated
  • Appendix D - Reserve Needs Analysis Worksheet
  • Determining Appropriate Levels of Reserve
  • Nonprofits & Squirrels
  • Impact of Inadequate Reserves

Templates:

 

File Ratio Development Worksheet
File Reserve Needs Analysis Worksheet

Elizabeth Hamilton Foley

EHF
  • Read more about Elizabeth Hamilton Foley
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